ADDI'-RIODI TO TAS,%'ORDER NO. I 33ASIC COI@TTr%AC.r t-10. for PROPOSED WOL-ilt DU-,NL-\IG Tr-,61 D,10@ITH 23 April IOGS 523 Febr,.itiry 1067 0 1)@ul C T !@O N 0,,Lr proposed pl-in for research and development for the ne%-t ten mor.ths is described belo,.v in five major task- areas. However, the over- aU objec'Li-ve remains identical to 13-st ye?-rlz coal: that ol&'being able to 2 pr,-@vide the client with rapid, fle>:ible services in en,-Ineerin,-, electronics, ani-mal be.-iavior, and operatioris 2-nalyses. I%le%7 teclinical and biolo,.fic3l developments will cont,.nue to be revie,@ted so *,at we can mai-nt-@in a facility for ans%verina, and anticinating needs. In order to maximize the caoability for meanineul respons-z@ and o'l-@;.,udn& it is proposed that the practice of periodic contacts behteen ti-fie ',Cechaical and Task Leaders remain in effect, and increased where 7possible. no five task ar,%:..i are: 0 ad ho,@,. conzu!7,.-ing on special problems 0 animal capabilities' o animal gddarice 0 -I SO(3 V Adl& survey of pinnideds 'seals) @ias ta&de to deter--Line tl,.eir ability to be trained. infor,-ati-on on tl-;eir sensory abilities. physiolbgy, and anatoriy was also accumulated. it was found that of all the ki--ids of pinnipeds, the sea lion (zalophus cal4-fornicus) and the cor-mon barb8r sea (?:ioca vitulina) were the ones most easily trained. Other tyres were rejected because of apparent lac%- of 4-nte:lisence, large size, or scarcity of the species. Data on their kdilities indicate that Zalophus is superior to 2 Phoca in size, locomotion rate, strengtl-, and ability to oerfo---.a certa.in circus-type tr4---ks. Phoca, on the other hand, is super;-or to Zalo-.)hus iA terms of ability to siqim'immediately upon beirg born, eats more omniverously (and less), and can probably swim fas2ter. Phoca is reported to do a greater number of things because he is usually ke->t as a bouce pet while Zaloohus usually performs r tore exacting routines ift the cir--xm or zoo. Boti-, seem equallk -intelligent and see-,a to possess equal sensory abilities. Both are readily availabla at8 the proper time of year. Zalophus costs about $100 (up) and Plioca q2S (mo), Maintenance costs for Zalop'hiis are correspondingly hig.h. WIJ-KT IS A'SEKL" A seal' is any of the suborder ninn,.oectia of the order carri-,,or a. The seal is a flesh-eat,.ng ai'..mal that ores-amably retirned to the sea ind2 evolved info his cur.-ent phy3ical form. Sea convs, manatees and duaonas are not seals, but ral%er herbiverous animals who, as the whales, may have never initially left *.e sea environment. There are three families of pirinipeds: Fa-nilv 1: Otariidae (The eared seals) 2 The fur seal (Callorhinus alascansus) Ilie stellar sea lion (S,-,metop@-as stelleri) The sea lion (Zalophus caufornicus) Family 2: Odobenidae (TI-LE walruses) The arctic walrus (Odobenus) Familv 3- Phoc-.e,@,e (Tne 'true' seals) Tlie common harbor seal (Phcca vitulina) Tne harp seal (Phoca groeiilandica) The hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) The sea elop'iant (,Wacrorhinus leoninus) 2 The grey seal (lialichocrus grypus) Thus, a 'seal' is either the sea lion (Za"@Ophus) that we see per- forinint in the circus, or it is ti-.e corii-non ha:-bor seal (Phocida) w@.ich also is commonly c,31!ed the sand seal; or the grey seal Halichoerus) which is some3@irres called the ktlantic Seal. Other ------------ seals (harp, hooded, hair, walruses, and the like) are less conunon because they inhabit retnote arctic waters. The only seals commorly trained have been: 1. 7he californi,& Sea lion (Zaloihus cawornicus) 2. The harbor seal (Phoca 2vituuna) ne other seals are either hostile, ve@-y large, uninteuigent, or -U not live in tem@erate climates. w Following is'a list of characteristics of the t-,,.,o types oi seals which, for simpl,.city, I call Za.lophus and Phoca. 2 Weia'it Wei,.7ht Narne Len,-lth Fer-ale Dentiti6rt ZALOPH'US 10, 2, 000 600 2. C I p 4 MI. 2' I' 4' 1 5 50_60 13 Cl Pi ,\II PHOCA 51 50-60 2' I' 4' 1 FOOD FEEDDZC; Young seals are difticult to feed. Trn@nsition from 1-.quid to sol4-d food is difficult and should be accomplished as early as possible. Enteritis common and usually fatal anti-biotics helpful. 2 Feed seal pups 500,lo cows.milk, 505o "mal oil of any sort, add 3 tsms cod liver oil per feeding, emulsify with tra-acanthus gurn. Feed via bottle or intubation (Tube cannot enter lung e-ccidentally). F:.Il animal to overt-lo@virg. An2irr@al wiU bu@p. groan, roll over and appear dead but is only sleeping..'. Add v-itarnin I BI cornplex (B critical) t6 diet. May be taught to catch own food but not recommended. Adult animals wiU eat dog food, eat food, agrict,.I- tural fi2sh meal (fertilizer), vegetables, soups, etc. Very omniverous, St-@rving animal will swallow stones, occasionally when not st3rved, wLI1 regurgitate them voluntari.zy. rn the wild they eat crustacea, fish and squid. Zoo Diet-, Zalophus (600 male): 96 pounds/week Bu'Lterf,.sh 48rl c Izc re I 2.4# S.@nelts 2 4 Phoca (70 wl fam3,le).- 2,lt, poundstweek 1@,faclierel 2817' he auditory ac-,uity of both Phoca and Zatoohi-is seerls to be qcite acute in air. Lit@lle is known about their bearing abil@ity in water alt',houga- it is reported t]-iat they emit sounds. (cl4-cks) which migat be used for proximal 2 'ha-ranging. ec Zaloprus calls were short bursts of clicks at rates up to SO/sec with frequenc4-es ranging from 600 to over 1,000 Cy/sec. These clicks were also recorded in the bark, that Zalopbus makes in the air.' Phoca's signals (clicks) were of less intensity than 2Zalophus' alnd each of the subsoacies of Phoca had a ma jor conconent nea-r 12 kcy/sec. The fact that both Phoca and Zal;Dphus respond to the human voice 4@ndicates sensi-tivity in the 325 to 2500 cy/sec. range. 0 Altho-.agh active echoranging might be of miniral effectiveness it is generally agree4 that all pinnipeds possess excel!eat passive listening capabilities.- LOCO@'@OTIO,N! (LAND) Phoca trav els poorly on !,--id - 10% fli--)per action aid 90% bumping on his rig cage. Fatigues easily and can go abqut 31 mile in 8 hours. Zalopbus, with forward-facing flidpers can hurry al2ong for several miles at about 1-3 mo'h. Greater rates seem vossible. Phoca has beei clocked going up',nill at 1.5 rapn and 4-5 rrc-h downhill for very short distances. Presumably Zalodbus could carry a load faster and farther thazx Phoca. 1,Woility, is dete2-mi'med by tbe-nature',-Of the surface ov$,r wbicb-the animal has to travel. LOCOMOTION (SEA) Phoca can swin 15-20 mph and' stay siibmerged 10-12 min. Zalophus can remai-n-submerged for aL:Dout 15 minutes and 2 4;an swim 10 moh and pcs3ibly faster under duress. Ag a in it seems li)@ely that Zalo;@'nus would beat Phoca in load- carrying ability in t'he water, but mainly due tc@ his greater physical size. Both have been taught to pull a small boat 3 and retrieve ob jects. Both swim well in either salt or fresh water. visio,4 otl-. Phoca and Zalophus see-ts to have the sane visual cacabilities and anatomy, so the single descr4-otion following will serve for both. Cornea is flatish and serves well bot'i in water and air. There is the pos2sibility that there is also some nuscular ada,:;tatioa wnich also belys visiort in both water alhd air environments. Reportedly can see Color. Can detect ba-nd waving handkerchief 120 yards away. Can follow trajectory through the air of a stone 11, in diameter thrown 40 feet through an arc 20 feet high. Vision not 7necessary to surviva:l bepause blind healthy seals have been ca*tured. No ducts to remove tears to nasal passages, so eyes overalow with tears t:nat run down their cheeks and may influence vision. Seals will dive to de@Dths denendiilg uoon whether they are sleepirg, play;-ng, or .0ishing. The seal usually plays in water near the sbore and li%es@ to dive in waves. ,-re sleeoing seal usually seeks quiet water and will sleeo in 0 15 feet of water. Tre 2 Isleeoing'seal will co.-.a to the sur!-9ace, take several breaths (10-20), and sink to the bottom again witl-.@ut (>penihg his eyes. @be s'L'eeping seal re-.nains on the botto-m bet,..reen 5 to 10 minutes before repeating the respiration cycle, Afloat they braathe r-dre regularly. @vhile fishing the seal will follow food to great deptns. Shrimp and 'other crustacea which are found in dee? water lead seals to deptns of approxi,-kately 1,000 feet. Seals ba-.@e been , cavght,-".. .in n4ts at 400 -Feet. Rese'arc-.ners 'have lowered 2 seals to 1,000 fbet w4--,h no a:.>parant damage to the seals. it should be noted that the seal exhales before diving and calls upon a lo%ver heart rate (10 beats/ minute) and oxygen reserves in the blood and other tissues to sustain itself up to -one-half hour in extrene cases. Other p3hysiological mechanisrs sucb as low lactic acid formation also telo the seal endure as@ny,